The detection of disease resistance using gene chip technology can be approached in two main ways: first, in cancer, the resistance to chemotherapy drugs is analyzed by examining changes in the expression of tumor-related resistance genes; second, in infectious diseases, drug resistance in pathogens is detected through two methods—expression profiling, which identifies changes in gene expression induced by drugs, and oligonucleotide microarrays, which detect subtypes or mutation sites in genomic sequences to determine resistance.
One key area of focus is the expression of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes. In cancer treatment, resistance to cytotoxic drugs is a major cause of therapeutic failure and limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The underlying mechanisms are complex, involving factors such as the proportion of viable cells, blood supply, cellular mechanisms, and the presence of MDR phenotypes. Multidrug resistance occurs when tumor cells exposed to one drug develop resistance to other structurally unrelated drugs, often due to overexpression of genes like MDR1, MRP, LRP, topoisomerase II, and those involved in glutathione metabolism. Additionally, changes in gene expression that promote DNA repair or inhibit apoptosis can also contribute to resistance. Detecting these expression changes helps researchers understand resistance mechanisms and supports clinical decision-making for personalized treatment strategies.
Traditional methods for detecting MDR gene expression include Northern blot, RT-PCR, and Western blot, but these techniques are limited in throughput and quantitative accuracy. Gene chip technology allows for the simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes, significantly accelerating research. Chips can be designed with known tumor markers and resistance genes, enabling comprehensive profiling of tumor characteristics and even the discovery of new resistance genes.
In the context of infectious diseases, drug-resistant pathogens, especially multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, pose a serious global health threat. These organisms, such as MRSA, VRE, and drug-resistant tuberculosis strains, are responsible for numerous hospital-acquired infections and high mortality rates. Resistance arises from various mechanisms, including enzyme production, target modification, altered membrane permeability, and efflux pump activation. Identifying drug-resistant genes through gene chips enables targeted drug development and better classification of bacterial subtypes, improving treatment outcomes.
Gene chips offer a powerful tool for simultaneously detecting multiple resistance genes in both bacterial and viral pathogens. This capability enhances clinical management by guiding antibiotic selection and informing the design of novel therapeutics. As resistance continues to evolve, the role of gene chip technology in combating drug resistance becomes increasingly vital.
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