Gene chip technology offers two main approaches for detecting disease resistance. First, in the context of tumors, it can analyze drug resistance by monitoring changes in the expression of tumor-related resistance genes. Second, in infectious diseases, pathogen resistance can be detected through two primary methods: expression profiling, which identifies gene expression changes induced by drugs, and oligonucleotide microarrays, which detect subtypes or mutation sites in genomic sequences to determine resistance mechanisms.
One key area is the detection of multidrug resistance (MDR) gene expression. Resistance to cytotoxic drugs during cancer treatment is a major cause of therapeutic failure and a significant barrier to effective chemotherapy. This complex phenomenon is influenced by factors such as the viability of tumor cells, blood supply, cellular mechanisms, and the presence of MDR phenotypes. Multidrug resistance occurs when tumor cells exposed to one drug develop resistance to other structurally unrelated drugs. This can result from overexpression of genes like MDR1, MRP, LRP, topoisomerase II, and those involved in glutathione metabolism. Additionally, changes in genes that promote DNA repair or inhibit apoptosis may also contribute to resistance.
Detecting these expression changes helps researchers understand different resistance mechanisms and supports clinical decision-making to guide treatment strategies. Traditional methods such as Northern blot, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry allow analysis of individual genes but are time-consuming and limited in scope. Gene expression profiling chips, however, enable the simultaneous detection of thousands of genes, significantly accelerating research. These chips can include known tumor markers and all reported resistance genes, offering comprehensive insights into tumor biology and even aiding in the discovery of new resistance genes.
In the case of infectious diseases, drug-resistant pathogens pose a serious global health threat, especially among vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), such as methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant *Enterococcus* (VRE), and carbapenem-resistant *Enterobacteriaceae*, have become increasingly common. The development of resistance is often linked to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, leading to mechanisms like enzyme production, target modification, reduced membrane permeability, and efflux pump activation.
Gene chip technology plays a crucial role in identifying drug-resistant genes in bacteria. For example, researchers have used this approach to detect mutations in genes like *fbpC*, *efpA*, and *ahpC* in *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*. Such findings help in developing new drugs and classifying resistant strains for targeted treatment. In infectious disease settings, gene chips can either track gene expression changes caused by drugs or identify specific genetic variations that confer resistance. This dual capability allows for the rapid and accurate detection of multiple resistance genes across various pathogens, supporting both clinical management and drug development. Overall, gene chips represent a powerful tool in the fight against drug resistance, enhancing diagnostic precision and guiding more effective therapeutic strategies.
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